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Subject: SPACE Digest V10 #331

SPACE Digest                                     Volume 10 : Issue 331

Today's Topics:
          The National Science Trust (long)
           Re: Multi-national (MANNED) Mars Mission
               Re: Mars rovers
        Re: Manned vs Unmanned Mission to Mars
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Date: Fri, 8 Dec 89 16:41:51 PST
From: mordor!lll-tis!ames!scubed!pnet01.cts.com![e-mail] (Jim Bowery)
To: crash![e-mail]
Subject: The National Science Trust (long)

The recent talk about "prizes" and "subsidies" and the consequent
enthusiasm it has generated, motivated me to publicly release the
following white paper which has been in circulation among some of
the people involved with HR2674.  As this paper will make clear,
it is better to give money for value received than it is to award
"prizes" or provide "subsidies."

Of course, the approach described here won't work for everything,
but it will work for a surprising range of science and technology
areas.

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                    The National Science Trust


             A Science and Technology Policy White Paper


                       By James A. Bowery


                        (Copyright 1989)
   (The public may copy and excerpt, but not modify this document.)


Policy Statement


For the enhancement of scientific knowlege and the required development
of advanced technology, A National Science Trust shall be established,
with funding authorized by Congress, for the purchase of information
about the natural world from Eligible Parties (private entities owned
and controlled by other such entities in the U.S. or its unified free-
trade partners).  No less than 2/3 of the components and services used
by the Eligible Parties to acquire this information must be obtained
from other Eligible Parties.

The National Academy of Sciences shall identify areas of scientific
interest in which the quality of research results are quantifiable --
primarily in terms of information content.  Examples of these
kinds of research results are:  DNA sequencing (human genome project),
digital imaging of various phenomena (astronomical, planetary,
 terrestrial ozone-layer monitoring), quantitative behavior of systems
in microgravity, quantitative mineral assay of various sites
(terrestrial and nonterrestrial), etc.

A dollar amount, to be established in conjunction with Congress, shall
be associated with each informative item and with varying degrees
of accuracy of the information.  That dollar amount will then be
appropriated to The Trust to be paid out only in the event that
an Eligible Party has delivered new information on the associated item of
interest to a designated recipient.  When a measurement has already
been made, payout will be limited to information value corresponding
to the increased confidence level of the measurement (e.g. additional
significant bits or fractions thereof).  In areas where an information
flow is required (periodic sampling) the value of various sampling
frequencies at the various degrees of accuracy (significant bits) will
be included in the valuation of the measurement.  Duplicate information
flows will share the cash flow evenly.  For superior information flows,
the incremental increase in accuracy will enjoy less diluted access to
funding flows allocated to those incremental increases in accuracy.

Income on The Trust will be used to adjust The Trust for inflation.
Additional income from The Trust may be used to fund items within
The Trust.  In the event that an item is measured by a Party which
is not an Eligible Party, and that information is available to the
designated recipient -- the corresponding funding will be redistributed
within The Trust.  After-inflation losses will be redistributed within
The Trust, deactivating items which are not currently being pursued by
any Eligible Party.


Lunar Mapping Corporation:  A Plausible Scenario

Here is a plausible scenario as an illustration of how The Fund might
work with private industry to provide scientific results and also to
enable commercial technology development:

Among many other items of interest, NAS examines the idea of
a Lunar Hydrogen Map.  It generates a function mapping spatial
and grey-scale resolutions to relative scientific value.  In conjunction
with Congress, total scientific value is translated to dollar value of
$150 million.  There being reason to believe Eligible Parties can pursue
the acquisition of a Lunar Hydrogen Map based on available funding and
other related items, Congress appropriates the corresponding funds to
The Trust.  The recipient is designated to be the NASA Space Engineering
Research Center for Utilization of Local Planetary Resources.  NAS,
having gone through a similar exercise for a large number of other
measurements, has also succeeded in convincing Congress to fund optical,
infrared and ultraviolet maps (along with a myriad of other measurements
in space and on Earth).  The Trust, in its first year, contains $3 billion
with a total of $250 million allocated to lunar mapping items.

Some young engineers, dissatisfied with the slow pace of activity at JPL,
realize they can obtain a map of hydrogen and also higher resolution maps
of the moon in infrared, optical and UV wavelengths than previously acquired,
all in one mission.  Plugging their accuracies into the corresponding value
functions, they calculate a total value for their potential mission at $200
million.  Comparing this value to the cost of flying the mission (including
the development of some new imaging technologies) and the estimated time until
they get paid, adjusting for interest rates, they believe they can provide,
a profit of $75 million on an investment of $125 million within one year.
They also project that with the probable addition of future Trust items
such as similar Mars maps and more specialized follow-up Lunar mapping,
there will be even higher profits within 5 years.

Some major potential investors, being suspicious of the new imaging
technologies that would be required, ask that the engineers demonstrate the
imaging technologies prior to entering a business venture based on them.
Other investors, including Space Studies Institute, are willing to
bet the engineers can solve the technology problem and go ahead with the
formation of Lunar Imaging Corporation whose first task is to demonstrate
the feasibility of the imaging systems.  These investors enjoy the acquisition
of a large share in the corporation with a low-cost, high-risk buy in.  The
technology is demonstrated and patents applied for within 2 months.  LIC's
stock doubles in value as the more cautious, larger investors chip in, buying
out some of the high-risk investors who have a number of similar technology
development opportunities to go after.  One of the imaging patents is
licensed to a firm that sells manufacturing inspection systems for quality
control.  The cautious investors capitalize LIC at $140 million even though
the technology is demonstrated and it is already making sales.

LIC makes a public announcement that it is planning to acquire the
4 Lunar maps funded by the Trust, within 10 months based on a patented
imaging technology.  Lockheed, Rockwell and TRW drop their competing
feasibility studies after looking into the patent disclosures and the
backgrounds of LIC's founders and investors.

The space transportation requirements of the mission are put out to bid
and a number of Eligible Parties respond.  Some aerospace consultants
are hired to evaluate the credibility of the bids.  They discard the
one by Gary Hudson, Inc., even though it was the lowest, because it
would probably explode on the pad and thus could not be insured.  Art
Dula's company provides the most credible bid, but being based on
the Soviet Proton, his company is declared Ineligible.  Mr. Dula considers
a law suit but finds other business with a Canadian firm.  LIC's consultants
settle on a proposal from Launch Integrators, Inc.  LII uses an Orbital
Sciences upper stage and a booster from Trump Space Services Inc. (which
 bought AMROC at the auction block when it went bankrupt, replacing all
 management) contingent on 3 successful flights of the hybrid booster
within the next 6 months.  Since LII adheres to the ANSI Payload Mounting
Standard, LIC can fall back on a higher bid by General Dynamics using its
Centaur upper stage, upon which the Standard was based.

Fabrication of the Lunar Multispectral Mapper begins as Trump Space
Services, being under the same 6 month deadline from several other
customers, hires back Jim French and a number of other AMROC old-timers
with compensation for the inconvenience of immediately quitting their
current jobs and relocating (most of the best people left AMROC before
 it went belly-up and hold jobs in other parts of the country).  Some
bureaucrats from Johnson Space Center, continuing NASA's old habits, attempt
to intimidate some of TSSI's vendors by questioning "the feasibility of
awarding your company follow-on contracts."  Donald Trump and investment
partners, hearing of this subtrifuge, pull some strings in Washington and
the FBI initiates an investigation.  Suddenly, products are flowing from
TSSI's vendors and the first booster test firing takes place within 3
months -- only one month late.  It fails, but 4 other boosters are
already in winding with one going through final check out.  The problem
with the first system is analyzed and found to be a faulty pump from
one of the intimidated vendors.  TSSI's engineers discover the original
blueprints unnecessarily used an aerospace pump that could be replaced
by a standard industrial LOX pump from a company with no aerospace
connections.  They do an appropriate engineering modification on the
remaining boosters.   They are delayed another month.

LIC takes delivery on the last of the LMSM components and is
far enough along in fabrication that integrated subsystem testing begins
in earnest.  The new-technology gamma-ray spectrometer, experiences some
reliability problems due to tricks used to lower its high power requirements.
One of the major investors ($25 million) gets antsy and withdraws.  Jim
French, familiar with the engineers from his JPL days and their patent, is
confident they can resolve the reliability problem in short order and talks
the Board of Directors of TSSI into pulling together a stop-gap purchase of
LIC stock at a low price.  The engineers determine they can increase
reliability if they have more electrical storage capacity.  They replace the
light-weight storage system with a reliable automotive lead-acid battery
system which weighs a lot more -- but there will be excess payload capacity
on either launch service anyway.  The reliability problem is resolved and the
skitish investor wants back in.  The other LIC investors, concerned about a
potential conflict of interest with TSSI representatives on the Board, buy
back TSSI's holding at a higher price, reselling it to the conservative
investor.  TSSI walks off with a viable customer and a 25% return on $25
million in 2 months.

TSSI has its first successful test.

LIC completes system integration and starts system testing.  No major
problems.

TSSI has its second successful test.

LIC's CEO decides that TSSI's two month delay will not allow them to
meet the 6 month deadline and contacts Ed Bock at General Dynamics
about the possibility of a fall back launch on an Atlas-Centaur.  It
turns out that a NASA TDRS is behind in fabrication and an Atlas-Centaur
is available from their production stream within LIC's calendar
requirements.  LIC's CEO negotiates a $5 million reduction on GD's
bid and places a $1 million retainer on the launch opportunity in
case TSSI fails to meet the 6 month deadline.

The 6 month deadline passes.  TSSI doesn't launch on time.

Being unwilling to incur the additional interest expenses imposed by
further delays, LIC's CEO exercises his cancellation clause with LII and
his retainer on GD's launch slot.  GD's integration people begin
modifying the Centaur's upper stage back to the ANSI Standard (it had been
modified from the Standard for TDRS because NASA could not adhere to the
Standard).  The more conservative investors are relieved.  Fortunately for
LII and TSSI, as a result of the passage of the Space Transportation
Services Act, they have several payloads contracted with DoD and SDIO,
which are not sensitive to amortization schedules.  TSSI and LII stay in
business.

The experienced GD ops people have no trouble pulling off a successful
launch.  The LMSM maps the lunar surface in all 4 spectra within 2
months.  However, upon presentation of the maps to SERC, a fourier
analysis of the the hydrogen map finds that it contains a more noise
than was expected.  Instead of acquiring to an accuracy of 3 bits per
pixel, it has acquired only 2 good bits per pixel.  After putting this
accuracy into the valuation function established by the NAS, LIC is
awarded only $150 million of the expected $200 million for the whole
mission.

The noise LIC engineers determine it is gaussian in nature and therefore
they can recover the third bit (and the profitability of the venture)
by gathering 4 more samples of their hydrogen map -- averaging
out the noise.  They acquire additional samples and deliver them
to SERC which then authorizes the release of additional funds from
the Trust.  Over the next 8 months, the remaining $50 million is
awarded to LIC.  At the same time, additional quality is averaged into
the other maps resulting in a $5 million bonus.  LIC determines that the
cost of continued operation of LMSM will more than pay for itself by the
acquisition of an additional fractional bit in the hydrogen map, and
continues gathering data.  However, the flakey gamma-ray spectrometer
gives out before they have acquired the next quantum in the valuation
function, and they have to write off those additional operation expenses
as a loss.  They store the additional data in a vault on the unlikely
chance that another firm may find it valuable in achieving the next
quantum in the Lunar Hydrogen Map valuation function.

End of Scenario


Summary

As illustrated in the above scenario, a National Science Trust
could not only provide timely and valuable scientific data at a
reasonable and predictable cost to the U.S. government, but it
would spur the development of new, commercially useful, technologies
under the disciplines of the private sector, rather than the
environment of government contracting, which has proven itself
to be less efficient.

-----------------------------------------------------------------

---
Typical RESEARCH grant:
$
Typical DEVELOPMENT contract:
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

------------------------------

Date: 10 Dec 89 03:15:33 GMT
From: cs.utexas.edu!jarvis.csri.toronto.edu!utgpu!utzoo![e-mail]  (Henry Spencer)
Subject: Re: Multi-national (MANNED) Mars Mission

In article <[e-mail]> [e-mail] writes:
> I'm surprised that in the discussion over manned vs. unmanned the
> subject of a multi-national mars mission has not come up yet (or
> did I miss it ?).

It's an occasional topic of discussion.  (Almost no obvious topic is new.)

> Personally I *like* the idea. I think the formation of a W.S.A. is
> inevitable, its just a matter of when.

The two big problems with a World Space Agency right now are both to be
found in Washington, DC, USA:

1. The US is not prepared to trust the USSR with a vital role in a major
    US project, and indeed is reluctant to trust any nation with
    such a role, although it's worked out okay when they've tried it.

2. No other nation is prepared to trust the US to keep its promises on
    a major space project, since it has a history of breaking them.
--
1755 EST, Dec 14, 1972:  human |     Henry Spencer at U of Toronto Zoology
exploration of space terminates| uunet!attcan!utzoo!henry [e-mail]

------------------------------

Date: 9 Dec 89 23:43:27 GMT
From: zaphod.mps.ohio-state.edu!sunybcs!uhura.cc.rochester.edu!rochester![e-mail]  (Paul Dietz)
Subject: Re: Mars rovers

Jorge Stolfi points out that a teleoperated rover can go much farther
than a manned rover.  This is undoubtedly true.  However, it isn't of
much comfort to those wanting an entirely unmanned program, because a
teleoperated rover controlled by people on or near Mars (probably on
Phobos or Deimos, the "PhD" mission) will be superior to a rover
operated from Earth, since the time delay will be more than two orders
of magnitude smaller.

    Paul F. Dietz
    [e-mail]

------------------------------

Date: 7 Dec 89 16:53:12 GMT
From: eru!luth!sunic!mcsun!ukc!icdoc!syma![e-mail]  (Nick Watkins)
Subject: Re: Manned vs Unmanned Mission to Mars

In article <[e-mail]> [e-mail] (Henry Spencer)
writes:
>In article <[e-mail]> [e-mail] (Nichael Cramer) writes:

>You're still making the mistake of comparing small, unambitious unmanned
>missions to big, ambitious manned ones.  There were unmanned missions,
>notably the original Voyager project (whose shrunken remnants became
>Viking), that were planning to use the Saturn V because nothing else was
>big enough.  For that matter, the Mars sample-return/rover mission people
>today clearly are badly cramped by the limitations of Titan/Centaur.

Well. To quote from "Journey into Space" by Bruce Murray (pp.50-51):
"...But NASA was not motivated to explore the planets systematically.
This was because the Saturn 5 production line, then running full blast
producing Apollo Moon rockets, would soon need new orders. What NASA
really wanted, we at Caltech were dismayed to realise, was Mars missions
that would require giant Saturn rockets. Never mind that Mariner 4 had
just revealed a Moon-like Mars with a distressingly thin atmosphere that
greatly complicated any landing there. Never mind that much basic
knowledge of Mars's atmosphere and surface was needed before really
ambitious new efforts to explore Mars should proceed. NASA instead
promoted Saturn 5 to Mars as the next giant step. In one wild leap,
Mariner 4's 575 pound spacecraft would be succeeded in NASA's plan by
50000 pound spaceships launched with the Saturn 5."

 Murray then explains how NASA declared the Atlas Centaur unavailable for
planetary missions. Thus was born Voyager mark one, in order to sell the
"Saturn 5 to Mars with automated biological laboratories" plan to the
Space Science Board of the National Academy of Sciences. Later OMB
killed the Saturn 5 Mars project in one of its more enlightened moves,
allowing the missions which became Mariners 6 to 10 and Pioneer Venus to
proceed on Centaurs. The "shrunken remnants" are described by Murray as
"the most sophisticated and expensive automated spacecraft ever flown,
down to the present."

 Interesting, I thought ...

 Nick

"It's not the size of the dog in the fight, it's the size of the fight in
the dog"
--
Nick Watkins, Space & Plasma Physics Group, School of Mathematical
& Physical Sciences, Univ. of Sussex, Brighton, E.Sussex, BN1 9QH, ENGLAND
JANET: [e-mail]   BITNET: [e-mail]

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End of SPACE Digest V10 #331
*******************